International Journal of Applied Science and Research

Adamu, U.K., Gaya, A.G., Ibrahim U. and Sayaya K. S.

Department of Soil Science, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil Kano-Nigeria

ABSTRACT:This study examined the suitability of the soil and climate in Kano State, Nigeria, for the production of Napier grass. Soil sample were collected from the area using systematic random sampling procedure, at depth of 0-20 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties and evaluated for Napier grass cultivation base on rating factor of Boonman (1997) and environmental indicators of degree of suitability of soils for agricultural use. Results of the study showed that the climate was highly suitable while the soils were moderately suitable for Napier grass production. Soil properties limiting the suitability to Napier grass cultivation includes OC, OM, available P, exchangeable K and total N excluded in L and Z (B) and ABCOA. Application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers especially the organic fertilizer is recommended to improve fibre, fodder or yield of Napier grass in the study area.

Keyword:Napier grass, soil, climate, suitability assessment and yield.

Arne M. Divinagracia

Surigao State College of Technology (SSCT) – Surigao City, Philippines

ABSTRACT:This study was an electrical wiring installation device innovation. The research was conducted at Surigao city. Its objectives were to produce a safe and easy to operate electrical wiring installation device suitable to the needs of electrical student to increase their performance. There were two respondent groups involved in the study, the faculty of 6 professors and 5 instructors and 40 students. It used the descriptive method of research. Both respondent groups examined the effectiveness in terms of functionality, efficiency and usability and also on the device acceptability in terms of its reliability, influence, dependability and cost. It is also examined to the effect on the performance of the students in terms of using the traditional way in comparison of using the device. Based on the findings, it is concluded that the innovated device for electrical technology has a great effect to the performance of the students. It is thereby recommended that the innovated Device be adopted.

Keyword:Technology Management; Innovated electrical wiring installation device; Descriptive method; Surigao City, Philippines

Juliet Ruth D. Mozar

Bachelor of Secondary Education (Education Program) Surigao State College Of Technology-Magpayang, Mainit, Surigao del Norte, Philippines

ABSTRACT:The study was conducted to explore the need for integration of indigenous games to the Physical Education curriculum of the SSCT-Mainit Campus. It specifically looked into the level of performance of students exposed to indigenous games (experimental group) with reference to the following indicators: Piko (agility), Sipang bilangan gamit ang siko o ang likod nito(coordination), Chinese garter ten-twenty (Cardio-endurance) and Kadang kadang(balance and speed) and the level of performance of students not exposed to indigenous games(control group) with reference to the following indicators: Hexagon drill test (agility), Juggling (Coordination), 3-minute step test (cardio-endurance) and double walk( balance and speed). This study utilized the experimental method to determine the effect of indigenous games to measure the level of performance of the students in PE courses using a quantitative method. A self-made rubric was utilized to gather the data. Based on the findings, this conclusion was framed that Indigenous games like Piko, Takyang and Chinese Garter are proposed to be integrated into the curriculum. Indigenous Games or Laro ng Lahi is highly recommended to integrate in the school programs or any related PE activities to measure the necessary skills instead of the traditional PE activities. Aside from building a child’s stamina and endurance against sickness, these games encourage among the youth social and community values of teamwork, cooperation, and constructive competition. As a people, we should be proud of our traditions from celebrating historical events to playing the games our forebears used to play.

Keyword:Indigenous Games, Laro ng lahi, or traditional games

Dr. Peter Chihwai

Marketing Management Sciences South Africa

ABSTRACT:The study initially assessed available literature on the SERVQUAL model, the tourism industry in South Africa with special attention to safari tourism and tourists’ satisfaction matters and measurement, only to discover discrepancies covered in this study. Deficiencies found in the above led to the formulation, and testing of the soundness and rigor of the SAFSERV scale. Data was gathered by the use of a structured, pre-tested and validated questionnaire on factors that affect the quality of safari game-viewing and accommodation services that are provided to tourists from five different continents and countries namely South Africa, United States of America, Britain, Australia, and China. The sample size of the study was equal to n=625 tourists. Seven data analysis methods were performed by using cross-tab analyses, SAFSERV analysis based on 21 dimensions and 121 items, factor analysis, Structural Equations Modelling (SEM), and logit analysis. The results showed that more variables besides the original five dimensions of service quality propounded by the above authors could be used for measuring service quality in the South African safari tourism and game viewing industry. The 21 dimensions were Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, Tangibles, Authenticity, Accessibility, Communication, Hygiene, Harmony, Motivation, Corporate image, Past experience, Price, Eco tangibles, Transparency, Safety and security, Tourist knowledge, Attitude, Climatic conditions, and Personality. Each of these dimensions had variables to be measured under each amounting up to 121.

Keyword:SAFSERV model, tourists' satisfaction, service quality, tourism marketing, wildlife viewing, quantitative analysis

*Ekpunobi, Charles Emeka1, Nwigwe, Akuchinyere Cecilia1 and Nkamigbo, Darlington Chineze2

1Departmrnt of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, West Africa. 2Department of Agricultural Technology, Anambra State Polytechnic, Mgbakwu, Nigeria, West Africa.

ABSTRACT:– The study examined the socioeconomic determinants of yellow cassava production in Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, it described the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers; examine the influence of socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers and factors of production on the output of yellow cassava and identify the reasons that informed the farmers’ choice of yellow cassava production. Multistage and simple random techniques were used to select 138 respondents and data collection was only on primary data using a structured questionnaire and was subjected to descriptive, inferential analysis and multiple regressions. The result showed the dominance of female in yellow cassava production, married and most of the producers were economically active and productive, high household size, 10 to 12 years of formal education and had hired labour as their major source of farm labour. The result of multiple regression shows that the value of (coefficient of multiple determination of 0.95) revealed that about 95% of the total variation of the dependent variables was explained by the independent variables. This means that about 5% of the variation in the dependent variable was not explained by variation in the independent variables. Findings also showed that 68.1% of the farmers embarked on yellow cassava production to increase their income. It was recommended that female yellow cassava farmers should be encouraged through financial and access to farmland, by relevant stakeholders and the challenge of insecurity occasioned by the activities of herdsmen should be checked and curtailed among others.

Keyword:Determinants, Yellow Cassava, Production.

RafiatuImoro, John Ayuekanbey Awaab, Joseph Atule Atisiba

Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Department of Statistics, P. O. Box 767, Ghana, -West Africa and Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Department of Statistics, P. O. Box 767, Ghana, -West Africa, and Bongo Senior High School, Department of Mathematics, P. O. Box 172, Ghana, -West Africa,

ABSTRACT:The study paper aims to examine students ' performance in mathematics across the four senior schools within the District of Bongo. The research utilized the annual report of students’ marks for the WASSCE. The data were collected from the four senior high schools selected in the Bongo District. The data included dates from 2015 through 2018. One way variance analysis was employed to assess the performance of the students in mathematics between the four senior high schools. The findings showed that the performance of mathematics students among the four high schools (A, B, C&D) between 2015 and 2018 was very low. The results also showed that among the four senior high schools within the District, there is no statistically significant difference in the performance of the students in mathematics. The research paper concluded that the performance of students in mathematics across the district's four senior high schools is very low and required the appropriate attention to address the situation within the district.

Keyword:Analysis of Variance, Performance, Students, Mathematics, Grade, requirement, WASSCE

RafiatuImoro, John AyuekanbeyAwaab, Kennedy Akamise

Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Department of Statistics, P. O. Box 767, Ghana, -West Africa, and Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Department of Statistics, P. O. Box 767, Ghana, -West Africa, and Bolgatanga Polytechnic, Department of Statistics, P. O. Box 767, Ghana, -West Africa.

ABSTRACT:The research paper seeks to investigate the trend of student’s enrolment within the Statistics Department of Bolgatanga Polytechnic. Time series analysis was conducted on a historic data of student’s enrolment for sixteen consecutive years, from 2003 to 2019. Box-Jenkins methodology was employed in the study. The study revealed that student’s enrolment was best described by quadratic trend and ARIMA (0,4,0). The findings further revealed that the granger causality test in table 5 indicated that the p-values=0.0000 was less than 0.05 suggesting that the enrolment at lag 1 and 2 jointly cause the student's enrolment to increase in the department. The findings revealed that students’ enrolment follows a random walk model which implies that it is likely that the department record zeroes enrolment in particular year group since there is randomness in regards to students’ enrolment in the department. The research paper concluded that students’ enrolments are likely to stagnate in the future as indicated on the forecasted curve. The statistics department needs strategic marketing techniques to help market their program to potential students in the general public in order to increase students’ enrolment of the department.

Keyword:Autocorrelation Function, Partial Autocorrelation Function, Stationarity, Parameter Estimation, Parsimonious model and Differencing, Time Series Analysis, Linear trend model and Quadratic trend model.

1Prof.Ehab R. Tolba,2Ass. Prof.Sherif Abd Ellah, 3Ass. Prof. Elsayed M. Galal, 4Ass. Prof. Ezzat Ahmed Sallam, 5Eng. Mohammad Ahmad Kamal

1,2,3&4Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Egypt, 5 Marine QC Manager. TOA CORPORATION, Kuwait

ABSTRACT:This paper presents the displacement behavior of the quay wall system, using Plaxis 3D version 2013. The horizontal displacement calculated by Plaxis 3D for the existing quay walls case study located in Rotterdam Port in South Holland is evaluated by the field measurements. At first, the three-dimensional numerical performance of Rotterdam's existing quay wall is compared with the site horizontal displacement measurements over five (5) years which provide an interpretation of the increment causes of the measured horizontal displacement on top of the quay wall. Extensive comparisons are made to include the interaction between the soil and existing quay wall. Both Hardening Soil Model (HSM) and the Mohr-Coulomb Model (MCM) are utilized. The results highlighted the paramount importance of considering the time-dependent effects on the deformation behavior of the quay wall in addition to the undrained and drained soil properties. The long-term horizontal quay wall movement increments due to consolidation play an essential role in most quay wall deformation problems. Finally, a comparative study is performed between displacement results obtained from Plaxis 3D and 2D to validate the behavior of the quay wall case study model. This result proves that Plaxis 3D 2013 prediction is satisfactory for reaching reliable displacement values when compared to the field measured and is a powerful tool for simulating and performing such quay wall analysis if compared to Plaxis 2D results.

Keyword:Quay wall, Sheet Pile Wall, Plaxis 3D 2013, Hardening Soil Model, Mohr-Coulomb soil model, timedependent soil behavior.

Eliza Ebol Bayang

Surigao State College of Technology, Surigao City, Philippines

ABSTRACT:Wika, ang diwa at kaluluwa ng bansa. Nais alamin ng pag-aaral na ito ang tungkol sa kogneyts, konsepto at istado ng wikang Surigawnon sa boung lalawigang Surigao del Norte. Ang Desinyong ginamit ay kwali-kwanti deskriptiv, community-based sa pamamagitan ng pakikipanayam, talatanungan, at pag-oobserba. Purposive sampling sa 60 impormanteng kinakapanayam at Convenience sampling sa 100 mga tagatugon. Multiple Correspondence Analysisat lexicostatistical percentage ang ginamit para sa pagtutuos ng mga datos. Natuklasan na karamihan sa mga lumad-Surigaonon ay migranteng Boholano dahilan sa pandarayuhang pangingisda, negosyo at sadyang paglayo sa kalupitan ng mga Kastila noon. Wikang Boholano ang pinakamataas na kogneyts sa wikang Surigawnon na may dalang 65%; Cebuano 48%; Minamanwa 34%; Kamayo 33%; Tausug 14%; Manobo 11%; at Badjau 10%. Mas mataas ang kogneyts ng Boholano kumpara sa Cebuano, dahil ang Boholano ay mayaman sa tunog “/j/ o [ʤ]” na pinakapopular kasama ang tunog “y” bilang identidad ng wikang Surigawnon. Ginagamit ang Cebuano depende sa kausap at pang-okasyunal na wika lamang. Ang konsepto ng wikang Surigawnon ay nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng wikaing kogneyts-komposisyon batay sa heograpikal at sosyal na dimensiyon. Surigawnon ang pangkalahatang katawagan sa wika ng mga Surigaonon; Sinurigaw tawag ng wika sa syudad mismo o Sinurigawnon pinaikling bersiyon ng Surigawnon-Sinurigaw na varayti. Ang istado, batay sa naitalang 55% sa aktwal na gumagamit na mga mamamayan mula sa 63.9% na nagsabing naging unang wika nila ito ay hudyat ng pangamba sa unti-unting paglaho lalo na sa henerasyong melinyals. Inirekomenda ang patuloy na paggamit ng wikang Surigawnon sa lahat ng pagkakataong pakikipagkomunikasyon partikular sa midya at mga pagtuturong MTB-MLE dahil malaking papel ang wika sa pagkilala ng kultura sa bawat komunidad.

Keyword:Kogneyts, konsepto, istado, Surigawnon, deskriptiv, community-base

Le Thi Kieu Anh

Van Hien University Viet Nam

ABSTRACT:“Economics of happiness” is increasingly concerned, especially is the consideration of subjective wellbeing (SWB), the evidence is reflected in the growing number of articles appearing in mainstream economic journals. The study uses qualitative research through the synthesis and evaluation of documents about subjective well-being in tourism to provide guidance for future research. We focus our assessment on three main areas: (1) the theoretical origin of subjective happiness (2) Factors affecting subjective well-being (3) Limitations and further research directions.

Keyword:Subjective well-being; Tourism; Happiness.

1Lucihida M. Docoy, 2 Gemma Roxas – Escultor, 3Quintina D. Gono. 4Eliza E. Bayang, 5Nenita Rebecca Yu – Casten

1,2,3,4 & 5Surigao Stage College of Technology, Surigao City, Philippines

ABSTRACT:Napapanahon ang pag-aaral sa mga kultural na naratibo sa mga pook-panturismo na nagpapakita ng mga isyung sa pagpapahalagang pangkalikasan ng tao sa lipunan. Kung gayun, mahalagang makapagdalumat ng mga tekstong taglay ang green cultural at ekokritisismo Makita ang naratibo sa mga pook-panturismo ng lalawigan ng Surigao. Makikita dito ang mga usapin kaugnay sa etikal na mga valyu at kung paano naipasa ang mga ito. Pangunahing layon ng papel na ito ang malikom at masuri ang mga naratibo hinggil sa panturismong tanawin (pook) ng Surigao. Gamit ang bubuing perspektibo, eko-etikal retorikal na pananaw, na nagpapaunawa kung paano ang mga naratibong panturismo/ pangkalikasan nakakaimpluwensiya sa ating kalikasang pagpapahalaga. Ang eko-etikal retorikal na pananaw ay triangulation ng kritikal na pananaw na hinugot mula sa ekokritisismo, etikal kritisismo at retorikal na kritisismo.

Keyword:Eco-lente; Ekokritisismo; eko-etikal; retorikal; eko-Sugilanon

*Wangboje, Oiseoje Michael (ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7587-3883) Innocent, Goodluck Chinemerem (ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4826-1720)

Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria

ABSTRACT:The research specifically determined the concentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) in smoke-dried Clariasgariepinusfrom selected markets in Aba city, Nigeria, employing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique in order to ascertain its suitability for human consumption against the backdrop of the dearth of information regarding the heavy metal content in this particular fish species. The summary statistics for heavy metals in fish ranged from 0.0078 mg/kg (Cd) to 17.96 mg/kg (Zn) while the summary statistics for metals in fish by market ranged from 0.001 mg/kg (Cd) at NkwoNgwa market to 24.58 mg/kg (Zn) in the same market with significant (p<0.05) differences in the mean concentrations of Pb and Zn in fish between all markets. The toxic quotient (TQ) values ranged from 0.06 for Cu to 0.35 for Zn. The mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cu in fish were below their respective maximum threshold limits with the exception of Cd. Consumers must, therefore, eat such fish with caution owing to the possibility of exposure to Cd poisoning over time.

Keyword:Heavy metals, toxic quotient, fish, poisoning

Wembonyama, Shako Francois1*; Ndonda Molonda Adrien2; Posho Ndola Boniface3; MatalatalaMulama Leonard1; KakingaWatangaboAmbroise 1; Baku Dimalonda1; LimbaKimwanga Gaston1 etKayawaLisambola Joseph1

1. Institut National pour l’Etude et Recherche Agronomique (INERA), Centre de Yangambi B.P 2015, Kisangani Province de la Tshopo, République Démocratique du Congo. 2. Institut International Agriculture Tropicale (IITA-RDC), 4163 Avenue Haut-Congo Kinshasa-Gombe République Démocratique du Congo 3. Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Yangambi (IFA-Yangambi)

ABSTRACT:Cassava is the most consumed speculation in Yangambi, may help to address vitamin A deficiency problems. The study aimed to assess the yield, beta-carotene content and dry matter content of a variety of cassava. biofortified in beta-carotene (Kidisa) by comparing its three types of habit (branched, moderately branched and erect habit) under the agro-ecological conditions of Yangambi. The experimental device consisted of linear plots of 25m X 50m. The analysis of the mean was carried out, the root yield calculated then the beta-carotene content estimated by port and the dry matter. The results showed that the branched, semi-branched and erect ports, respectively provide beta-carotene, dry matter and yields of tuberous roots of 6.9 µg / g; 29.4%; 40.66 t / ha for branched crops, 6.2 µg / g; 31.1%; 37.41 t / ha for semi-branched and 5.7 µg / g; 34.7%; 30.88% t / ha for the upright. Despite its poor performance, the latter deserves popularization in a peasant environment using a participatory approach by decision-makers.

Keyword:Manihotesculenta, Vitamin A, port types, yield, adoption, INERA / Yangambi

Wembonyama Shako François*, Kasongo Kasong Musasa, Bosoni Mengela, Basaa Bameme, Musungayi Mpongolo Eric,

1, 2,3,4,5 Institut National d’Etude et la Recherche agronomiques, BP 2037, Kinshasa, (INERA- Yangambi).

ABSTRACT:Notre étude était menée dans le but de comparer dans les conditions écologiques de Yangambi, les variétés locales les plus consommées dans le milieu paysan. Dix variétés de manioc à pulpe blanche a savoir : Nsansi (témoin), YahumaII, MadameII, YahumaI, Akbokombi, Igaga, Ngonganabutu, Bobalatata, MadameIII, Ndjiko et Limbau étaient plantées dans un dispositif en blocs complètement randomisés avec trois répétitions. Les résultats montrent qu’il existe une différence significative (p<0.001) entre les variétés pour la mosaique africaine de manioc. Aucune différence pour le diamètre des racines, le nombre de racines commercialisables ainsi que le rendement et ses composantes. Toutes les variétés ne présentent pas des symptômes de la striure brune de manioc et la bactériose. Le rendement en racines tubéreuses varie de 34.2 à 44.7t/ha avec une moyenne de 39.8t/ha. Le rendement le plus élevé s’observe pour les variétés Akbokombi, YahumaII, YahumaI, Limbau, Nsansi, Bobalatata, MadameII, MadameIII, Ndjiko, Ngonganabutu, Igaga, suivant cet ordre. Le pourcentage le plus élevé, en matière sèche, s’observe pour les variétés MadameIII et YahumaII. Toutes les variétés étaient sensibles à la mosaique africaine de manioc à l’exception de la variété témoin, Nsansi. Cette variété témoin améliorée se montre plus résistante à la mosaïque de manioc que toutes les autres. Ceci s’explique par le fait c’est une nouvelle variété produite par l’institution de recherche par rapport aux autres variétés locales en comparaison.

Keyword:comportement, maladies, performance, variétés

Wembonyama Shako Francois1, Mubialakoffi andre1, Elasi Ramazani1,Posho Ndola Boniface1, Monde Godefroid1 et MusungayiMpongolo Eric2

1Institut National pour l’Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, BP 2037Kinshasa 1, Centre de Recherche de Yangambi, RD Congo 2Institut National pour l’Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, BP 2037Kinshasa 1, Centre de Recherche de Mulungu, RD Congo

ABSTRACT:La production de la culture du manioc dans les régions d’Afrique est affectée par la maladie de la striure brune de manioc (CBSD) causant des symptômes caractéristiques au niveau des feuilles et des racines, rendant les racines de manioc impropre à la consommation humaine. Le développement des varietes de manioc résistantes et/ou tolérantes à la striure brune est une importante composante dans la gestion de la dite maladie. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les varietes améliorées et locales pour chercher à identifier différentes sources possible de resistance à la striure brune de manioc. Cent cultivars étaient criblés pour la resistance à la striure brune de manioc sous les conditions agro écologique de Yangambi. L’essai était installé en bloc complètementrandomiséavec trois répétitions.Les données sur les maladies étaient récoltées trimestriellement et systématique sur les feuilles, tiges et racines à partir de 6, 9, 12, 15 et 18 mois après plantation. Les résultats avaient montrés que l’incidence sur les feuilles et racines ainsi que la sévérité avaient variées significativement (P<0.001) entre les genotypes. Vingt neuf genotypes avaient présentés des symptômes foliaires sur les cent matériels utilisés pour le criblage. Le génotype « Itchabindo », YBI/2014/005 et YBI/2014/031 avaient présentés des symptômes foliaires mais sans nécroses racinaires. Seize variétés n’avaient présentées, ni des symptômes foliaires ni des nécroses au niveau des racines, ce qui fait qu’elles peuvent être utilisées dans le programme d’amélioration comme matériels résistants.

Keyword:Striure brune du manioc, resistance, réponse des varietes, sévérité, incidence

Mathew Shadrack Uzoma, *Tobinson A. Briggs

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT:The research work designed to optimize the material handling operations of Piedmont Plywood Industry Port Harcourt of Rivers State in Nigeria, to improve upon the productive efficiency of their current facility layout. In the current state of the facility layout, material handling labour ratio is 0.25 while the improved modification confirmed 0.1591. This relates to more efficient utilization of labour, and the manpower requirement was trimmed down from 11 to 7 active personnel. Labour cost reduction of 20.62% was achieved. The modification of the material handling operation increases the productivity index from increased it from 0.000275m3/Naira to is 0.000281m3/Naira (that is 2.18% improvement). Thus the implementation of the findings of material handling factor will engender more significant financial recovery in certain cost aspects of the company’s economic policy.

Keyword:Productivity index, material handling operations, facility layout optimization, financial recovery.

OKORONDU, U. V., OWUAMA, C. O., OKEKE P.N. & AMANGABARA G. T.

Department of Environmental Management Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT:Gully erosion issues are of paramount concern in Orlu Zone, Imo State. In recent decades, consequences of gully erosion are unimaginable ranging from land degradation, soil quality loss for agricultural activities, and environmental pollution through water quality contamination to disruption of the entire ecosystem and destruction of valuable properties. The aim of this study is to integrate Geographic Information System (GIS) and Statistical analysis in ascertaining the contributions of selected gully susceptibility factors to gullying in Orlu Zone. In this research, gully susceptibility factor maps were produced and overlaid with sample size gully erosion profile. The contributions of each erosion factor against each unit gully sample size location overlay were harnessed and copied to excel via SPSS software for further analyses. Statistical analyses such as Principle Component Analyses (PCA), Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) and Stepwise Regression were carried to ascertain erosion susceptibility factors (slope, land use, variation in elevation, population density, soil characteristics, geology and drainage density) contribution to gullying and validation of assumptions to gully variability in Orlu Zone. The results of PCA showed a strong influence of the independent variable (erosion susceptibility factors) to the dependent variable (gully size location). MS of the MLR analyses showed that the seven selected susceptibility factors accounted for 90% of gullying in the study area. ANOVA showed that the predictors are able to account for a significant amount of variance in determining gully location and development. SR showed that five out of seven independent variables satisfied the criteria. This research showed the flexibilities and capability of GIS and Statistical tools in assessing and predicting contributions of erosion factors to gullying in a particular area

Keyword:sample size gully erosion, susceptibility factors, PCA, MLA, GIS and SPSS